We have done on a number line when we add a positive integer, and we move to the right. To add a negative integer, we move to the left. Similarly, subtracting a positive integer, we move to the left, and to subtract a negative integer, we move to the right. In class 7 Maths Chapter 1, we have to use these facts in applications of daily life.

learn how to multiply two decimal numbers. While multiplying two decimal numbers, first multiply them as whole numbers. Count the number of digits to the right of the decimal point in both the decimal numbers. Add the number of digits counted. Put the decimal point in the product by counting the digits from its rightmost place. The count should be the sum obtained earlier.

We will also study the operations of multiplication and division on fractions as well as on decimals. There are methods for how two fractions are multiplied by multiplying their numerators and denominators separately and writing the product. How to obtain a reciprocal of a fraction is obtained by inverting it upside down.

In Chapter 3 of Class 7 Maths, we will know about the collection, recording, and presentation of data. Before collecting data, we need to know that the data that is collected needs to be organized in a proper table so that it becomes easy to understand and interpret. We will discuss the average that is a number that represents or shows the central tendency of a group of observations or data along with arithmetic mean, Mode, which is another form of central tendency or symbolic value, and Medium. Median is also a form of symbolic value. It refers to the value which lies in the middle of the data with half of the observations above it and the other half below it. Bar graph and using bars of uniform widths and Double bar graphs to compare two collections of data at a glance is also given in 7th Maths Chapter 3 Data Handling. In the end, there are questions based on the probability that describes the situations in our daily life, that are certain to happen, some that are impossible, and some that may or may not happen.

We already know that a line segment has two endpoints and a ray has only one endpoint. In class 6 Maths, we have studied that a line has no endpoints on either side. Now in Class 7 Maths Chapter 5, we have to discuss pairs of angles conditions like two complementary angles (Measures add up to 90°), two supplementary angles (Measures add up to 180°), two adjacent angles (Have a common vertex and a common), Linear pair, Adjacent and supplementary angles. Do you know? When two lines intersect, the meeting point is called the point of intersection and when lines are drawn on a sheet of paper do not meet, however far produced, we call them to be parallel lines. In Chapter 5 of class 7 Maths, we have to study about two pairs of opposite angles, called vertically opposite angles. We also go through about a transversal is a line that intersects two or more lines at distinct points.

Chapter 6 of Class 7 Maths describes the six elements of a triangle are its three angles and the three sides. It also briefs about three medians and three altitudes of the triangle. We know that an exterior angle of a triangle is formed when a side of a triangle is produced. So, we can have two ways of forming an exterior angle. We have to learn by heart that the measure of any exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of its interior opposite angles and the angle sum property of a triangle, which tells that the total measure of the three angles of a triangle is 180°. In chapter 6 of Class 7 Maths, we have to read about an equilateral triangle in which each angle has a measure of 60° and an isosceles if at least any two of its sides are of the same length. We will use the property of the lengths of sides of a triangle to solve various sums quickly. There is the introduction of Pythagoras property also which may be useful in further classes also.

Do you know that congruent objects are exact copies of one another? In class 7 Maths Chapter 7, we will study the congruency of triangles and their theorems also. In this chapter, it is explained how the method of superposition examines the congruence of plane figures. There are four main rules of congruence between two triangles. SSS, SAS, ASA, and RHS congruency rules. Here, S denotes the side, and A denotes the angle of the triangle. There is no such thing as AAA Congruence of two triangles. This chapter is much useful to solve geometrical questions, even in higher classes.

Comparing quantities means finding the relative ratio between two or more quantities. We are often required to compare two quantities in our daily life. So, NCERT Books of Class 7 Maths Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities will help to find these comparisons. Quantities may be heights, weights, salaries, marks, etc. Two ratios can be compared by converting them to like fractions. If the two fractions are equal, we say the two given ratios are equivalent. If two ratios are equivalent, then the four quantities are said to be in proportion. We may also use percentages for comparing quantities. Percentages are numerators of fractions with denominator 100. Percentages are widely used in our daily life.

Rational numbers are very common to us as it is already used in previous classes. We know that a number that can be expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q is not equal to 0, is called a rational number. The numbers ½, 2/5, 7/2, etc. are the example of rational numbers. All integers and fractions are rational numbers. Class 7 Maths Book Chapter 9 Rational Numbers provides a perfect practice of sum based on Rational numbers. When the numerator and denominator, both, are positive integers, it is a positive rational number. When either the numerator or the denominator is a negative integer, it is a negative rational number. The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number. Here, we will also learn about the standard form of a rational number and how to find the sum, product, division, and difference of two rational numbers using numerator and denominator adjustment.

In Chapter 10 of Class 7 Maths, we looked into the methods of constructing figures using rulers and compasses. Class 7 Maths Chapter 7 Congruence of Tringle is used in this chapter to draw triangular figures. During the construction, if a line is given and a point not on it, we used the idea of ‘equal alternate angles’ in a transversal diagram to draw a line parallel to the given line. We could also have used the idea of ‘equal corresponding angles’ to do the construction.

Class 7 Maths Chapter 11 includes the mensuration of 2 – D figures. We know that perimeter is the distance around a closed figure whereas area is the part of the plane occupied by the closed figure. Here, we have to find the perimeter of various objects used in daily life. To find perimeter or area, we may use various formulae like the perimeter of a square = 4 × side, perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth), area of a square = side × side, area of a rectangle = length × breadth, etc. to reach the final results. Based on the conversion of units for lengths, studied earlier classes, the units of areas can also be used like 1 square cm = 100 square mm, 1 square m = 10000 square cm, and 1 hectare = 10000 square m.

In Class 7 Maths Chapter 12, we will learn how algebraic expressions are formed from variables and constants. We will also use the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on the variables and constants to form expressions. We should know that expressions are made up of terms, and terms are added to make an expression. Normally, a term is a product of factors and factors containing variables are said to be algebraic factors. The coefficient is the numerical factor in the term, and any expression with one or more terms is called a polynomial. Polynomials may be in the form of binomial or trinomials. Terms which have the same algebraic factors are like terms, whereas terms which have different algebraic factors are unlike terms.

We know that vast numbers are difficult to read, understand, compare and operate upon. Chapter 13 of Class 7 Maths states the way to make all these easier. We use exponents, converting many of the large numbers in a shorter form. Exponents and Powers are useful for later on classes also. Numbers in exponential form obey certain laws, which are unique. The only practice provides a good understanding of Chapter 13 of Grade 7 Maths.

Chapter 14 of Grade 7 Maths is based on Symmetry. A figure has line symmetry if there is a line about which the figure may be folded so that the two parts of the figure will coincide. We know that regular polygons have equal sides and equal angles, so, they have multiple lines of Symmetry. Each regular polygon has as many lines of Symmetry as it has sides. Mirror reflection leads to Symmetry, under which the left-right orientation has to be taken care of. It can be obtained by turning an object about a fixed point, where the fixed point is the center of rotation. Similarly, we can find the angle of rotation, left turn or right turn. If, after a rotation, an object looks exactly the same, we say that it has rotational symmetry. The study of Symmetry is important because of its frequent use in day-to-day life and more because of the beautiful designs it can provide us.